On the viability of implantable electrodes for the natural control of artificial limbs: Review and discussion

In this review of implantable electrode designs, we conclude that implantable electrodes attached to the surface of muscle bellies or cuffed around the nerves are currently the most promising candidates for long-term stable and natural control of robotic prostheses. Our review describes several implantable electrodes and their capacity for allowing coordinated movement of multiple prosthetic joints. The conclusions from this review will guide the selection, design, and long-term implementation of implantable electrodes, which show promise alongside advanced control algorithms to greatly improve the control of robotic prostheses.